LS(1)

NAME
ls - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION

List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuSUX nor --sort.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

-a, --all
    do not hide entries starting with .

-A, --almost-all
    do not list implied . and ..

--author
    print the author of each file

-b, --escape
    print octal escapes for nongraphic characters

--block-size=SIZE
    use SIZE-byte blocks

-B, --ignore-backups
    do not list implied entries ending with ~

-c  with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime

-C  list entries by columns

--color[=WHEN]
    control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto'

-d, --directory
    list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links

-D, --dired
    generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

-f  do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst

-F, --classify
    append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries

--format=WORD
    across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C

--full-time
    like -l --time-style=full-iso

-g  like -l, but do not list owner

-G, --no-group
    inhibit display of group information

-h, --human-readable
    print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)

--si
    likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

-H, --dereference-command-line
    follow symbolic links listed on the command line

--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
    follow each command line symbolic link

    that points to a directory

--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
    none (default), classify (-F), file-type (-p)

-i, --inode
    print index number of each file

-I, --ignore=PATTERN
    do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

-k  like --block-size=1K

-l  use a long listing format

-L, --dereference
    when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself

-m  fill width with a comma separated list of entries

-n, --numeric-uid-gid
    like -l, but list numeric UIDs and GIDs

-N, --literal
    print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially)

-o  like -l, but do not list group information

-p, --file-type
    append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries

-q, --hide-control-chars
    print ? instead of non graphic characters

--show-control-chars
    show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)

-Q, --quote-name
    enclose entry names in double quotes

--quoting-style=WORD
    use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape

-r, --reverse
    reverse order while sorting

-R, --recursive
    list subdirectories recursively

-s, --size
    print size of each file, in blocks

-S  sort by file size

--sort=WORD
    extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t, version -v

    status -c, time -t, atime -u, access -u, use -u

--time=WORD
    show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time

--time-style=STYLE
    show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT

    FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale

-t  sort by modification time

-T, --tabsize=COLS
    assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

-u  with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time

-U  do not sort; list entries in directory order

-v  sort by version

-w, --width=COLS
    assume screen width instead of current value

-x  list entries by lines instead of by columns

-X  sort alphabetically by entry extension

-1  list one file per line

--help
    display this help and exit

--version
    output version information and exit

SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1,000,000, M 1,048,576, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.

By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With --color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty).

AUTHOR
Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie.

REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.

COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

SEE ALSO
The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the command

    info ls

should give you access to the complete manual.