DwarfImageDebugInfo:
- When resolving the address of a PIC function that a value was
returned by, check if the resulting address actually belongs to
the same image as the caller. If not, find the appropriate image
for the new address. Combined with the previous commits, this fixes
the issue that functions called indirectly by PLT entry that jumped
to another image entirely wouldn't be mapped back to their
corresponding FunctionDebugInfo instance, and thus would be skipped
since we couldn't determine a type to associate the return value with.